Battery-as-a-Service (BaaS) is a business model where the end consumers pay per kilowatt-hour of energy storage capacity instead of having direct access to the batteries. In this case, the provision of batteries, their maintenance, monitoring and the replacement is the responsibility of the service provider. There are several benefits of BaaS, which are explained as follows: The initial cost of setting up battery storage is relatively low; second, battery storage management is not complicated and does not require a lot of resources; third, adopting the latest battery technology does not require a great deal of investment since it is managed by BaaS operators

Automated Guided Vehicles or Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are computer-controlled, and driverless vehicles utilized for transporting products or material loads from one place to another. Tugger AGVs are programmed to move material loads between manufacturing and warehouse facilities without human intervention and if there is frequent human intervention they can be designed for manual control.