Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are naturally occurring substances found in certain organisms, such as fish, plants, insects, and microorganisms. These proteins help the organisms survive in extremely cold environments by preventing the formation of ice crystals within their cells and tissues. AFPs work by binding to ice crystals and inhibiting their growth, thereby lowering the freezing point of the organism's bodily fluids.

Antimicrobial are coatings for any surface that have been treated in a manner that they do not support the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and virons. These coatings include antic microbe elements including ions of silver, copper or organic factors that inhibit cellular mechanisms for reproduction of microbes hence hindering their growth on the treated materials. Applied to medical equipment, food packaging, and other public use items to minimize the transmission of diseases, enhance clean, and prolong equipment’s durability by defending it against microorganisms deterioration.

Chitosan is the most abundant natural biopolymer with antimicrobial activity and at the same time, it has many advantages such as biocompatibility, excellent film-forming ability, and biodegradability, thus promoting the use of bio-based materials for the production of antimicrobial textile.